CHAPTER 1 Defects in Crystals 1
1.1 Crystalline Materials 1
1.2 Simple Crystal Structures 4
1.3 Defects in Crystalline Materials 8
Point Defects 8
Stacking Faults 10
Grain Boundaries 12
Twin Boundaries 12
Volume Defects 13
1.4 Dislocations 13
Geometry of Dislocations 15
Burgers Vector and Burgers Circuit 16
Further Reading 20
CHAPTER 2 Observation of Dislocations 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Electron Microscopy 22
General Principles 22
Dislocations 24
Planar Defects 25
Lattice Imaging 26
Image Simulation 26
Other Factors 28
2.3 Other Experimental Methods 28
Surface Methods 28
Decoration Methods 30
X-ray Diffraction Topography 31
Field Ion Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography 32
2.4 Computer Simulation 34
Atomic-Level Simulation 34
Continuum-Level Simulation 38
Further Reading 41
CHAPTER 3 Movement of Dislocations 43
3.1 Concept of Slip 43
3.2 Dislocations and Slip 45
3.3 The Slip Plane 46
3.4 Cross Slip 48
3.5 Velocity of Dislocations 50
3.6 Climb 53
3.7 Experimental Observation of Climb 56
Prismatic Dislocation Loops 56
Helical Dislocations 57
3.8 Conservative Climb 59
3.9 Plastic Strain due to Dislocation Movement 59
Further Reading 61
CHAPTER 4 Elastic Properties of Dislocations 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Elements of Elasticity Theory 63
4.3 Stress Field of a Straight Dislocation 67
Screw Dislocation 67
Edge Dislocation 69
4.4 Strain Energy of a Dislocation 71
4.5 Forces on Dislocations 73
4.6 Forces between Dislocations 75
4.7 Climb Forces 79
4.8 Image Forces 81
Further Reading 82
CHAPTER 5 Dislocations in Face-centered Cubic Metals 85
5.1 Perfect Dislocations 85
5.2 Partial Dislocations - The Shockley Partial 85
5.3 Slip 87
5.4 Thompson’s Tetrahedron 93
5.5 Frank Partial Dislocation 94
5.6 Dislocation Locks and Stair-Rod Partials 99
5.7 Stacking Fault Tetrahedra 103
Further Reading 107
CHAPTER 6 Dislocations in Other Crystal Structures 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Dislocations in Hexagonal Close-packed Metals 109
Burgers Vectors and Stacking Faults 109
Basal and Non-basal Slip 112
Vacancy and Interstitial Loops 115
6.3 Dislocations in Body-centered Cubic Metals 118
6.4 Dislocations in Ionic Crystals 124
6.5 Dislocations in Superlattices 126
6.6 Dislocations in Covalent Crystals 130
6.7 Dislocations in Layer Structures 133
6.8 Dislocations in Polymer Crystals 134
Further Reading 135
CHAPTER 7 Jogs and the Intersection of Dislocations 137
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Intersection of Dislocations 137
7.3 Movement of Dislocations Containing Elementary Jogs 139
7.4 Superjogs 142
7.5 Jogs and Prismatic Loops 145
7.6 Intersections of Extended Dislocations and Extended Jogs 147
7.7 Attractive and Repulsive Junctions 149
7.8 Extended Stacking-fault Nodes 153
Further Reading 155
CHAPTER 8 Origin and Multiplication of Dislocations 157
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Dislocations in Freshly Grown Crystals 158
8.3 Homogeneous Nucleation of Dislocations 159
8.4 Nucleation of Dislocations at Stress Concentrators 160
8.5 Multiplication of Dislocations by Frank-Read Sources 163
8.6 Multiplication by Multiple Cross Glide 166
8.7 Multiplication by Climb 167
8.8 Grain Boundary Sources 169
Further Reading 169
CHAPTER 9 Dislocation Arrays and Crystal Boundaries 171
9.1 Plastic Deformation，Recovery and Recrystallization 171
9.2 Simple Dislocation Boundaries 175
9.3 General Low-angle Boundaries 177
9.4 Stress Field of Dislocation Arrays 181
9.5 Strain Energy of Dislocation Arrays 184
9.6 Dislocations and Steps in Interfaces 186
Admissible Defects 186
Identification of Interfacial Dislocations 189
Dislocations in Epitaxial Interfaces 191
9.7 Movement of Boundaries 193
Arrays of Crystal Dislocations 193
Glide of Interfacial Defects 195
Diffusion-assisted Motion of Interfacial Defects 199
Martensitic Transformations 201
9.8 Dislocation Pile-ups 203
Further Reading 204
CHAPTER 10 Strength of Crystalline Solids 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Temperature- and Strain-Rate-Dependence of the Flow Stress 207
10.3 The Peierls Stress and Lattice Resistance 210
Dislocation Core Structure 210
The Peierls Barrier 213
Kink Mechanism 214
10.4 Interaction Between Point Defects and Dislocations 216
10.5 Solute Atmospheres and Yield Phenomena 220
Dislocation Locking 220
Yield Drop 224
Irradiation Hardening and Dislocation Channeling 227
10.6 The Flow Stress for Random Arrays of Obstacles 228
Diffuse Forces 229
Localized Forces 230
10.7 The Strength of Alloys 232
Solutions，Precipitates and Aging 232
Solution Strengthening 233
Precipitate Strengthening 235
10.8 Work Hardening 237
10.9 Deformation of Polycrystals 243
10.10 Dislocations and Fracture 245
Further Reading 248
THE SI SYSTEM OF UNITS 251
INDEX 253