The Nature Of PrejudicePDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ．PREFERENTIAL THINKING 1

CHAPTER 1．What Is the Problem？ 3

Two Cases 4

Definition 6

Is Prejudice a Value Concept？ 10

Functional Significance 12

Attitudes and Beliefs 12

Acting Out Prejudice 14

Notes and References 16

CHAPTER 2．The Normality of Prejudgment 17

The Separation of Human Groups 17

The Process of Categorization 19

When Categories Conflict with Evidence 22

Personal Values as Categories 24

Personal Values and Prejudice 24

Summary 26

Notes and References 27

CHAPTER 3．Formation of In-groups 28

What Is an In-group？ 30

Sex as an In-group 31

The Shifting Nature of In-groups 33

In-groups and Reference Groups 35

Social Distance 37

The Group-Norm Theory of Prejudice 38

Can There Be an In-group without an Out-group？ 40

Can Humanity Constitute an In-group？ 41

Notes and References 45

CHAPTER 4．Rejection of Out-groups 47

Verbal Rejection 48

Discrimination 50

Conditions of Physical Attack 56

Riots and Lynching 59

The Essential Role of Rumor 61

Notes and References 63

CHAPTER 5．Patterning and Extent of Prejudice 66

Prejudice as a Generalized Attitude 66

What Imperfect Correlations Mean 71

How Widespread Is Prejudice？ 72

Demographic Variations in Prejudice 77

Notes and References 78

PART Ⅱ．GROUP DIFFERENCES 81

CHAPTER 6．The Scientific Study of Group Differences 83

Would Differences，If Discovered，Justify Rejection？ 85

The Well-Deserved Reputation Theory 85

Methods of Studying Group Differences 86

Types and Degrees of Differences 93

The Interpretation of Differences 103

Notes and References 105

CHAPTER 7．Racial and Ethnic Differences 106

Why Race Is Emphasized 106

True Racial Differences 109

Cultural Relativity 113

National Character 115

Who Are the Jews？ 116

Conclusions 123

Notes and References 124

CHAPTER 8．Visibility and Strangeness 127

The Young Child 128

Visible Differences Imply Real Differences 129

Degrees of Visibility 131

The Condensation of Attitudes around Visible Cues 133

Sensory Aversion 134

Discussion 136

Notes and References 137

CHAPTER 9．Traits Due to Victimization 138

Ego Defenses 139

Obsessive Concern 140

Denial of Membership 142

Withdrawal and Passivity 143

Clowning 144

Strengthening In-group Ties 145

Slyness and Cunning 146

Identification with Dominant Group：Self-hate 147

Aggression against Own Group 148

Prejudice against Out-groups 149

Sympathy 150

Fighting Back：Militancy 151

Enhanced Striving 152

Symbolic Status Striving 153

Neuroticism 154

The Self-fulfilling Prophecy 155

Summary 156

Notes and References 157

PART Ⅲ．PERCEIVING AND THINKING ABOUT GROUP DIFFERENCES 159

CHAPTER 10．The Cognitive Process 161

Selection，Accentuation，Interpretation 161

Directed and Autistic Thinking 163

Cause and Effect Thinking 165

The Nature of Categories 166

The Principle of Least Effort 169

The Dynamics of Cognition in the Prejudiced Personality 170

Conclusions 171

Notes and References 173

CHAPTER 11．Linguistic Factors 174

Nouns That Cut Slices 174

Emotionally Toned Labels 177

The Communist Label 179

Verbal Realism and Symbol Phobia 182

Notes and References 183

CHAPTER 12．Stereotypes in Our Culture 184

Stereotypes versus Group Traits 185

Stereotype Defined 187

Stereotypes concerning the Jew 188

Stereotypes concerning the Negro 192

Comparison of Jewish and Negro stereotypes 194

Mass Media and Stereotypes 195

Stereotypes Change in Time 196

Notes and References 199

CHAPTER 13．Theories of Prejudice 201

Historical Emphasis 204

Sociocultural Emphasis 206

Situational Emphasis 208

Psychodynamic Emphasis 209

Phenomenological Emphasis 210

Emphasis on Earned Reputation 211

Final Word 212

Notes and References 212

PART Ⅳ．SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS 213

CHAPTER 14．Social Structure and Cultural Pattern 215

Heterogeneity 216

Vertical Mobility 216

Rapid Social Change 218

Ignorance and Barriers to Communication 219

Size and Density of Minority Groups 220

Direct Competition and Realistic Conflict 222

Exploitative Advantage 226

Social Regulation of Aggression 228

Cultural Devices to Ensure Loyalty 229

Cultural Pluralism vs．Assimilation 231

Summary 233

Notes and References 233

CHAPTER 15．Choice of Scapegoats 235

Meaning of Scapegoat 236

Historical Method 238

Direct Projection 364

The Mote-Beam Mechanism 366

Complementary Projection 367

Conclusion 367

Notes and References 368

PART Ⅶ．CHARACTER STRUCTURE 369

CHAPTER 25．The Prejudiced Personality 371

Methods of Study 371

Functional Prejudice 372

Ambivalence toward Parents 374

Moralism 374

Dichotomization 376

Need for Definiteness 376

Externalization 379

Institutionalism 380

Authoritarianism 382

Discussion 383

Notes and References 384

CHAPTER 26．Demagogy 385

Sample Materials 385

The Program of the Demagogue 389

The Followers 392

The Demagogue as a Person 393

Paranoid Bigotry 394

Notes and References 397

CHAPTER 27．The Tolerant Personality 398

Early Life 399

Varieties of Tolerance 401

Militant and Pacifistic Tolerance 402

Liberalism and Radicalism 403

Education 404

Empathic Ability 407

Self-insight 408

Tolerance for Ambiguity 409

Philosophy of Life 410

Notes and References 411

CHAPTER 28．Religion and Prejudice 413

Realistic Conflict 413

Divisive Factors in Religion 415

Do Religious Groups Differ in Prejudice？ 418

Two Kinds of Religiosity 420

The Case of Simon Peter 422

Religion and Character Structure 424

Notes and References 425

PART Ⅷ．REDUCING GROUP TENSIONS 427

CHAPTER 29．Ought There to be a Law？ 429

A Brief History of Legislation 430

Types of Legislation 432

Does Legislation Affect Prejudice？ 437

Legislation and Social Science 440

Summary 442

Notes and References 442

CHAPTER 30．Evaluation of Programs 444

The Research Approach 446

Formal Educational Programs 448

Contact and Acquaintance Programs 453

Group Retraining 455

Mass Media 456

Exhortation 458

Individual Therapy 459

Catharsis 460

Notes and References 461

CHAPTER 31．Limitations and Horizons 463

Special Obstacles 464

The Social System 465

Positive Principles 468

Imperatives of Intercultural Education 472

Final Word on Theory 476

Final Word on Values 477

Notes and References 480

Index of Names 481

Index of Subjects 486