ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWSPDF电子书下载

Part 1 Introduction to Open Channel Flows 1

1. Introduction 3

1.1 Presentation 3

1.2 Fluid properties 5

1.3 Fluid statics 6

1.4 Open channel flows 7

1.5 Exercises 10

2. Fundamentals of open channel flows 11

2.1 Presentation 11

2.2 Fundamental principles 15

2.3 Open channel hydraulics of short，frictionless transitions 19

2.4 The hydraulic jump 24

2.5 Open channel flow in long channels 26

2.6 Summary 33

2.6 Exercises 34

Part 2 Turbulent Mixing and Dispersion in Rivers and Estuaries：An Introduction 35

3. Introduction to mixing and dispersion in natural waterways 37

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Laminar and turbulent flows 40

3.3 Basic definitions 44

3.4 Structure of the section 45

3.5 Appendix A-Application：buoyancy force exerted on a submerged air bubble 46

3.6 Appendix B-Freshwater properties 48

3.7 Exercises 48

3.8 Exercise solutions 48

4. Turbulent shear flws 49

4.1 Presentation 49

4.2 Jets and wakes 53

4.3 Boundary layer flows 54

4.4 Fully developed open channel flows 58

4.5 Mixing in turbulent shear flows 60

4.6 Exercises 63

4.7 Exercise solutions 64

5. Diffusion：basic theory 65

5.1 Basic equations 65

5.2 Applications 67

5.3 Appendix A-Mathematical aids 72

5.4 Exercises 74

5.5 Exercise solutions 74

6. Advective diffusion 75

6.1 Basic equations 75

6.2 Basic applications 76

6.3 Two-and three-dimensional applications 79

6.4 Exercises 80

6.5 Exercise solutions 80

7. Turbulent dispersion and mixing：1.Vertical and transverse mixing 81

7.1 Introduction 81

7.2 Flow resistance in open channel flows 83

7.3 Vertical and transverse（lateral）mixing in turbulent river flows 84

7.4 Turbulent mixing applications 88

7.5 Discussion 91

7.6 Appendix A-Friction factor calculations 93

7.7 Appendix B-Random walk model 93

7.8 Appendix C-Turbulent mixing in hydraulic jumps and bores 95

7.9 Exercises 97

7.10 Exercise solutions 97

8. Turbulent dispersion and mixing：2.Longitudinal dispersion 99

8.1 Introduction 99

8.2 One-dimensional turbulent dispersion 100

8.3 Longitudinal dispersion in natural streams 101

8.4 Approximate models for longitudinal dispersion 106

8.5 Design applications 109

8.6 Exercises 111

8.7 Exercise solutions 113

9. Turbulent dispersion in natural systems 117

9.1 Introduction 117

9.2 Longitudinal dispersion in natural rivers with dead zones 120

9.3 Dispersion and transport of reactive contaminants 127

9.4 Transport with reaction 130

9.5 Appendix A-Air-water mass transfer in air-water flows 136

9.6 Appendix B-Solubility of nitrogen，oxygen and argon in water 138

9.7 Appendix C-Molecular diffusion coefficients in water（after Chanson 1997a） 139

9.8 Exercises 140

9.9 Exercise solutions 141

10. Mixing in estuaries 144

10.1 Presentation 144

10.2 Basic mechanisms 149

10.3 Applications 159

10.4 Turbulent mixing and dispersion coefficients in estuaries 164

10.5 Applications 165

10.6 Appendix A-Observations of mixing and dispersion coefficients in estuarine zones 171

10.7 Exercises 173

10.8 Exercise solutions 175

Part 2 Revision exercises 177

Assignment solutions 179

Part 3 Introduction to Unsteady Open Channel Flows 183

11. Unsteady open channel flows：1.Basic equations 185

11.1 Introduction 185

11.2 Basic equations 189

11.3 Method of characteristics 198

11.4 Discussion 211

11.5 Exercises 217

11.6 Exercise solutions 219

12. Unsteady open channel flows：2.Applications 223

12.1 Introduction 223

12.2 Propagation of waves 224

12.3 The simple wave problem 227

12.4 Positive and negative surges 233

12.5 The kinematic wave problem 247

12.6 The diffusion wave problem 249

12.7 Appendix A-Gaussian error functions 255

12.8 Exercises 256

12.9 Exercise solutions 258

13. Unsteady open channel flows：3.Application to dam break wave 263

13.1 Introduction 263

13.2 Dam break wave in a horizontal channel 268

13.3 Effects of flow resistance 278

13.4 Embankment dam failures 286

13.5 Related flow situations 293

13.6 Exercises 299

13.7 Exercise solutions 300

14. Numerical modelling of unsteady open channel flows 302

14.1 Introduction 302

14.2 Explicit finite difference methods 306

14.3 Implicit finite difference methods 312

14.4 Exercises 315

Part 3 Revision exercises 316

Revision exercise no.1 316

Revision exercise no.2 316

Revision exercise no.3 319

Revision exercise no.4 320

Part 4 Interactions between Flowing Water and its Surroundings 323

15. Interactions between flowing water and its surroundings：introduction 325

15.1 Presentation 325

15.2 Terminology 330

15.3 Structure of this section 330

16. Interaction between flowing water and solid boundaries：sediment processes 331

16.1 Introduction 331

16.2 Physical properties of sediments 333

16.3 Threshold of sediment bed motion 335

16.4 Sediment transport 339

16.5 Total sediment transport rate 341

16.6 Exercises 347

17. Interaction between flowing water and free surfaces：self-aeration and air entrainment 348

17.1 Introduction 348

17.2 Free-surface aeration in turbulent flows：basic mechanisms 348

17.3 Dimensional analysis and similitude 358

17.4 Basic metrology in air-water flow studies 364

17.5 Applications 373

17.6 Appendix A-Air bubble diffusion in plunging jet flows（after Chanson 1997a） 384

17.7 Appendix B-Air bubble diffusion in self-aerated supercritical flows 389

17.8 Appendix C-Air bubble diffusion in high-velocity water jets 393

17.9 Exercises 396

Appendix A：Constants and fluid properties 399

Appendix B：Unit conversions 403

References 406

Abbreviations of journals and institutions 420

Common bibliographical abbreviations 421

Index 423